Ukuphonswa komzimba we-valve kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokukhiqiza ama-valve, futhi ikhwalithi yokuphonswa kwama-valve inquma ikhwalithi ye-valve. Okulandelayo kwethula izindlela eziningana zenqubo yokuphonswa ezivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yama-valve:
Ukuphonswa kwesihlabathi:
Ukuphonswa kwesihlabathi okuvame ukusetshenziswa embonini yamavalvu kungahlukaniswa kube isihlabathi esiluhlaza, isihlabathi esomile, isihlabathi sengilazi yamanzi kanye nesihlabathi esiziqinisayo se-furan resin ngokwezihlanganisi ezahlukene.
(1) Isihlabathi esiluhlaza inqubo yokubumba esebenzisa i-bentonite njenge-binder.
Izici zayo yilezi:Isikhunta sesihlabathi esiqediwe akudingeki somiswe noma siqiniswe, isikhunta sesihlabathi sinamandla athile amanzi, kanti umongo wesihlabathi kanye negobolondo lesihlabathi kunesivuno esihle, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanza nokuthulula ama-castings. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ukubumba kuphezulu, umjikelezo wokukhiqiza mufushane, izindleko zezinto ziphansi, futhi kulula ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa komugqa wokuhlanganisa.
Ububi bayo yilokhu:Ama-castings athambekele ekubeni neziphambeko ezifana nama-pores, ukufakwa kwesihlabathi, kanye nokunamathela kwesihlabathi, futhi ikhwalithi yama-castings, ikakhulukazi ikhwalithi yangaphakathi, ayifaneleki.
Ithebula lokulinganisa nokusebenza kwesihlabathi esiluhlaza okwenziwe ngensimbi:
(2) Isihlabathi esomile inqubo yokubumba kusetshenziswa ubumba njengesihlanganisi. Ukwengeza i-bentonite encane kungathuthukisa amandla ayo okumanzi.
Izici zayo yilezi:Isikhunta sesihlabathi sidinga ukomiswa, sinokungena kahle komoya, asithambekeli ekuphuzeni isihlabathi, ukunamathela kwesihlabathi, kanye nezindawo ezimboziwe, futhi ikhwalithi engokwemvelo yokufakwa kwesihlabathi inhle.
Ububi bayo yilokhu:kudinga imishini yokomisa isihlabathi futhi umjikelezo wokukhiqiza mude.
(3) Isihlabathi sengilazi yamanzi yinqubo yokwenza imodeli esebenzisa ingilazi yamanzi njengesihlanganisi. Izici zayo yilezi: ingilazi yamanzi inomsebenzi wokuqina ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ivezwa ku-CO2, futhi ingaba nezinzuzo ezahlukahlukene zendlela yokuqinisa igesi yokwenza imodeli nokwenza umongo, kodwa Kunezinkinga ezifana nokungaguquki kahle kwegobolondo lesikhunta, ubunzima ekuhlanzweni kwesihlabathi sezinto ezibunjiwe, kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuvuselelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwesihlabathi esidala.
Ithebula lokulinganisa nokusebenza kwesihlabathi sokuqinisa ingilazi yamanzi i-CO2:
(4) Ukubumba isihlabathi esiziqinisayo se-Furan resin kuyinqubo yokubumba esebenzisa i-furan resin njengesihlanganisi. Isihlabathi sokubumba siyaqina ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwesihlanganisi ngaphansi kwesenzo se-ejenti yokwelapha ekushiseni kwegumbi. Isici saso ukuthi isikhunta sesihlabathi asidingi ukomiswa, okunciphisa umjikelezo wokukhiqiza futhi konge amandla. Isihlabathi sokubumba i-resin kulula ukusihlanganisa futhi sinezakhiwo ezinhle zokuqhekeka. Isihlabathi sokubumba sezinto ezibunjiwe kulula ukusihlanza. Izinto ezibunjiwe zinokunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuphela okuhle kobuso, okungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yezinto ezibunjiwe. Okubi kwazo yilezi: izidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu zesihlabathi esingavuthiwe, iphunga elincane elinomunyu endaweni yokukhiqiza, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu ze-resin.
Inqubo yokulinganisa nokuxuba ingxube yesihlabathi esingabhakiwe se-furan resin:
Inqubo yokuxuba isihlabathi esiziqinisayo se-furan resin: Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-continuous sand mixer ukwenza isihlabathi esiziqinisayo se-resin. Isihlabathi esingavuthiwe, i-resin, i-curing agent, njll. kuyangezwa ngokulandelana futhi kuxutshwe ngokushesha. Kungaxutshwa futhi kusetshenziswe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Indlela yokufaka izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene lapho uxuba isihlabathi se-resin yile elandelayo:
Isihlabathi esingavuthiwe + i-ejenti yokwelapha (isixazululo samanzi se-p-toluenesulfonic acid) – (120 ~ 180S) – i-resin + i-silane – (60 ~ 90S) – ukukhiqizwa kwesihlabathi
(5) Inqubo evamile yokukhiqiza ukuphonswa kwesihlabathi:
Ukusatshalaliswa okunembile:
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abakhiqizi bama-valve baye banaka kakhulu ikhwalithi yokubukeka kanye nokunemba kobukhulu bokuphonswa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeka okuhle kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yemakethe, futhi kuyindlela yokubeka isinyathelo sokuqala somshini.
Ukusatshalaliswa kokunemba okuvame ukusetshenziswa embonini yama-valve ukusatshalaliswa kotshalomali, okwethulwa kafushane kanje:
(1) Izindlela ezimbili zenqubo yokucubungula isixazululo:
①Kusetshenziswa izinto zokubumba ezisekelwe ku-wax ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa (i-stearic acid + i-paraffin), umjovo we-wax ongaphansi komfutho, igobolondo lengilazi yamanzi, ukuthululwa kwamanzi ashisayo, inqubo yokuncibilikisa nomoya nokuthulula, okusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuthungwa kwensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi e-alloy ephansi enezidingo zekhwalithi ejwayelekile, ukunemba kobukhulu bokuthungwa kungafinyelela izinga likazwelonke le-CT7~9.
② Ukusebenzisa izinto zokubumba ezisekelwe ku-resin yokushisa okuphakathi, umjovo we-wax ocindezelwe kakhulu, igobolondo lesikhunta se-silica sol, ukuthungwa kwe-steam, inqubo yokubumba ngokushesha emoyeni noma nge-vacuum melting, ukunemba kobukhulu bokubumba kungafinyelela ekubunjweni okunembile kwe-CT4-6.
(2) Ukugeleza kwenqubo evamile yokutshala imali:
(3) Izici zokusetshenziswa kwezimali:
①Uhlaka lunokunemba okuphezulu, indawo ebushelelezi kanye nekhwalithi yokubukeka okuhle.
② Kungenzeka ukubumba izingxenye ezinezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimo okunzima ukuzicubungula ngezinye izinqubo.
③ Izinto zokuthunga azikhawulelwe, izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-alloy ezifana: insimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi ye-alloy, i-aluminium alloy, i-alloy yokushisa okuphezulu, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu, ikakhulukazi izinto ze-alloy okunzima ukuzibumba, ukuzishisela nokuzisika.
④ Ukuguquguquka okuhle kokukhiqiza kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okunamandla. Kungakhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi kufanelekile futhi ekukhiqizweni okukodwa noma kweqembu elincane.
⑤ Ukutshala imali ekubunjweni kunemikhawulo ethile, njengokuthi: ukugeleza kwenqubo okunzima kanye nomjikelezo omude wokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yamasu okubunjwa alinganiselwe angasetshenziswa, amandla ayo okuthwala ingcindezi awakwazi ukuba phezulu kakhulu uma isetshenziselwa ukubunjwa kwama-valve aqinile athwala ingcindezi.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinkinga Zokuphonsa
Noma yikuphi ukuphonswa kuzoba namaphutha angaphakathi, ukuba khona kwala maphutha kuzoletha izingozi ezinkulu ezifihliwe kwikhwalithi yangaphakathi yokuphonswa, futhi ukulungiswa kokushisela ukuze kuqedwe la maphutha enkambisweni yokukhiqiza kuzoletha umthwalo omkhulu enkambisweni yokukhiqiza. Ikakhulukazi, ama-valve ayizinto zokuphonswa ezincane ezimelana nengcindezi nokushisa, futhi ukuqina kwezakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amaphutha angaphakathi okuphonswa aba yisici esinqumayo esithinta ikhwalithi yokuphonswa.
Amaphutha angaphakathi okuthungwa kwama-valve afaka phakathi ama-pores, ukufakwa kwe-slag, ama-pores anciphayo kanye nemifantu.
(1) Imigodi:Imigodi ikhiqizwa yigesi, ubuso bemigodi bubushelelezi, futhi ikhiqizwa ngaphakathi noma eduze kobuso bokubumba, futhi izimo zazo ngokuvamile ziyindilinga noma ziyindilinga.
Imithombo eyinhloko yegesi ekhiqiza ama-pores yile:
① I-nitrogen ne-hydrogen ezincibilikisiwe ensimbini ziqukethwe ensimbini ngesikhathi sokuqina kwe-castment, zakha izindonga zangaphakathi ezivaliwe eziyindilinga noma ezi-oval ezine-metallic luster.
②Umswakama noma izinto eziguquguqukayo ezintweni zokubumba zizophenduka igesi ngenxa yokushisa, zakhe izikhala ezinezindonga zangaphakathi ezinsundu ngokumnyama.
③ Ngesikhathi sokuthululwa kwensimbi, ngenxa yokugeleza okungazinzile, umoya uyabandakanyeka ekwakheni ama-pores.
Indlela yokuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwesisu:
① Ekuncibilikiseni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi egqwalile kufanele zisetshenziswe kancane ngangokunokwenzeka noma cha, futhi amathuluzi nezitsha kufanele zibhakwe futhi zomiswe.
②Ukuthululwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kufanele kwenziwe ekushiseni okuphezulu futhi kuthululwe ekushiseni okuphansi, kanti insimbi encibilikisiwe kufanele ithobe kahle ukuze kube lula ukuntanta kwegesi.
③ Umklamo wenqubo yesinyusi sokuthulula kufanele wandise ikhanda lokucindezela lensimbi encibilikisiwe ukuze kugwenywe ukubhajwa kwegesi, futhi kumise indlela yegesi yokwenziwa ukuze kukhishwe umoya ngendlela efanele.
④Izinto zokubumba kufanele zilawule okuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye nomthamo wegesi, zandise ukungena komoya, futhi isikhunta sesihlabathi kanye nengaphakathi lesihlabathi kufanele kubhakwe futhi komiswe ngangokunokwenzeka.
(2) Umgodi wokuncipha (okhululekile):Kuyimbobo eqondile noma engaqondile (imbobo) eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-cast (ikakhulukazi endaweni eshisayo), enobuso obungaphakathi obuqinile nombala omnyama. Izinhlamvu zekristalu eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ngesimo sama-dendrite, eziqoqwe endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ezivame ukuvuza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-hydraulic.
Isizathu sokuncipha komgodi (ukukhululeka):Ukuncipha kwevolumu kwenzeka lapho insimbi iqina kusuka esimweni soketshezi iye esimweni esiqinile. Uma kungekho ukuphinda kugcwaliswe insimbi encibilikisiwe ngokwanele ngalesi sikhathi, ukuncipha kwesikhala kuzokwenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa. Ukuncipha kwesikhala sensimbi ngokuyisisekelo kubangelwa ukulawulwa okungafanele kwenqubo yokuqina elandelanayo. Izizathu zingase zihlanganise izilungiselelo ezingalungile zokuphakamisa, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthulula insimbi encibilikisiwe, kanye nokuncipha kwensimbi enkulu.
Izindlela zokuvimbela ukuncibilika kwemigodi (ukuxega):① Yakha ngokwesayensi uhlelo lokuthulula izinto ezibunjiwe ukuze kufezwe ukuqina okulandelanayo kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, futhi izingxenye eziqina kuqala kufanele zigcwaliswe ngensimbi encibilikisiwe. ②Setha ngokufanele nangokufanele i-riser, i-subsidy, i-cold iron yangaphakathi neyangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuqina okulandelanayo. ③Lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ithululwa, ukujova okuphezulu okuvela ku-riser kuyazuzisa ukuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nokudla, futhi kunciphise ukwenzeka kwemigodi yokuncibilika. ④ Ngokuphathelene nesivinini sokuthulula, ukuthulula ngesivinini esiphansi kusiza kakhulu ekuqineni okulandelanayo kunokuthulula ngesivinini esikhulu. ⑸Izinga lokushisa lokuthulula akufanele libe phezulu kakhulu. Insimbi encibilikisiwe ikhishwa esithandweni somlilo ekushiseni okuphezulu bese ithululwa ngemva kokuthulisa, okuzuzisa ukunciphisa imigodi yokuncibilika.
(3) Izinto ezifakiwe ngesihlabathi (i-slag):Izimbobo zesihlabathi (i-slag), ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-blister, ziyizimbobo eziyindilinga noma ezingajwayelekile ezingapheli ezivela ngaphakathi kwezinto ezibunjiwe. Izimbobo zixutshwa nesihlabathi sokubumba noma i-slag yensimbi, enobukhulu obungajwayelekile futhi zihlanganiswe kuzo. Indawo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ngaphezulu engxenyeni engenhla.
Izimbangela zokufakwa kwesihlabathi (i-slag):Ukufakwa kwe-slag kubangelwa i-slag yensimbi ehlukile engena ekubunjweni kanye nensimbi encibilikisiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa noma yokuthulula. Ukufakwa kwesihlabathi kubangelwa ukuqina okunganele kwesimbobo sesikhunta ngesikhathi sokubumba. Lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ithululelwa emgodini wesikhunta, isihlabathi sokubumba siyagezwa yinsimbi encibilikisiwe bese singena ngaphakathi kokubumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza okungafanele ngesikhathi sokusika nokuvala ibhokisi, kanye nesimo sokuwa kwesihlabathi nakho kuyizizathu zokufakwa kwesihlabathi.
Izindlela zokuvimbela ukufakwa kwesihlabathi (ukungalungi):① Uma insimbi encibilikisiwe incibilikisiwe, ugesi kanye ne-slag kufanele kucinywe ngokuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka. ② Zama ukungaphenduli isikhwama sokuthulula sensimbi encibilikisiwe, kodwa sebenzisa isikhwama setiye noma isikhwama sokuthulula esingezansi ukuvimbela i-slag engaphezulu kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ukuthi ingangeni emgodini wokubumba kanye nensimbi encibilikisiwe. ③ Uma uthulula insimbi encibilikisiwe, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvimbela i-slag ukuthi ingangeni emgodini wesikhunta nensimbi encibilikisiwe. ④Ukuze unciphise amathuba okufakwa kwesihlabathi, qiniseka ukuthi isikhunta sesihlabathi siqinile lapho usenza imodeli, qaphela ukuthi ungalahlekelwa yisihlabathi lapho usika, bese uhlanza umgodi wesikhunta ngaphambi kokuvala ibhokisi.
(4) Imifantu:Iningi lemifantu etholakala ezitsheni zokubumba imifantu eshisayo, enezimo ezingajwayelekile, ezingenayo noma ezingangeni, eziqhubekayo noma ezihlala njalo, kanti insimbi esemifantu imnyama noma inomswakama ophezulu.
izizathu zokuqhekeka, okungukuthi ukucindezeleka kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuguqulwa kwefilimu yoketshezi.
Ukucindezeleka kokushisa okuphezulu ukucindezeleka okwakhiwa ukuncipha kanye nokuguquka kwensimbi encibilikisiwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lapho ukucindezeleka kudlula umkhawulo wamandla noma ukuguquguquka kwepulasitiki kwensimbi kuleli zinga lokushisa, kuzovela imifantu. Ukuguquguquka kwefilimu yoketshezi ukwakheka kwefilimu yoketshezi phakathi kwezinhlayiya zekristalu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqina kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu yensimbi encibilikisiwe. Ngokuqhubeka kokuqina kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu, ifilimu yoketshezi iyaguquguquka. Lapho inani lokuguqulwa kanye nesivinini sokuguqulwa kudlula umkhawulo othile, kukhiqizwa imifantu. Ububanzi bokushisa kwemifantu yokushisa bungaba ngu-1200 ~ 1450℃.
Izici ezithinta imifantu:
① Izinto ze-S kanye ne-P ensimbini ziyizinto eziyingozi zokuqhekeka, futhi i-eutectics yazo enensimbi inciphisa amandla kanye nokuqina kwensimbi ephonswe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okuholela ekuqhekekeni.
② Ukufakwa kwe-slag kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwensimbi kwandisa ukugxila kokucindezeleka, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukuthambekela kokushisa.
③ Uma i-coefficient yokuncipha okuqondile yohlobo lwensimbi inkulu, kulapho ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisayo kukhulu khona.
④ Uma ukuguquguquka kokushisa kohlobo lwensimbi kukhulu, kulapho ukucindezeleka kobuso kukhulu khona, kulapho izakhiwo zomshini ezishisa kakhulu zingcono khona, futhi kulapho ukuthambekela kokushisa kuncipha khona.
⑤ Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sezinto ezibunjiwe akukwazi ukwenziwa kahle, njengezingongolo ezincane kakhulu eziyindilinga, ukungafani okukhulu kobukhulu bodonga, kanye nokugxila okukhulu kokucindezeleka, okuzobangela imifantu.
⑥Ukuqina kwesikhunta sesihlabathi kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi isivuno esibi senhliziyo sivimbela ukuncishiswa kwe-cast futhi sandisa ukuthambekela kwemifantu.
⑦Ezinye izinto, njengokuhlelwa okungafanele kwesinyusi, ukupholisa okusheshayo kakhulu kwesimbozo, ukucindezeleka okukhulu okubangelwa ukusika isinyusi kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa, njll. nakho kuzothinta ukuvela kwemifantu.
Ngokwezimbangela kanye nezici ezithonya imifantu engenhla, izinyathelo ezifanayo zingathathwa ukunciphisa nokugwema ukwenzeka kweziphambeko zokufantu.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okungenhla kwezimbangela zokukhubazeka kokukhipha, ukuthola izinkinga ezikhona kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ezifanele, singathola ikhambi lokukhubazeka kokukhipha, okusiza ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yokukhipha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-31-2023