1/Umqondo

Isando samanzi sibizwa nangokuthi isando samanzi.Ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwamanzi (noma olunye uketshezi), ngenxa yokuvulwa noma ukuvala kungazelelweI-Api Butterfly Valve, ama-valve esango, hlola ama-vavles kanyeama-valve ebhola.Ukuma okungazelelwe kwamaphampu amanzi, ukuvuleka nokuvalwa okungazelelwe kwama-vanes omhlahlandlela, njll., izinga lokugeleza lishintsha ngokuzumayo futhi ingcindezi iguquguquka kakhulu.Umphumela wesando samanzi yitemu elicacile.Kubhekiselwa esando samanzi esinzima esibangelwa umthelela wokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini lapho iphampu yamanzi iqalwa futhi imiswa.Ngoba ngaphakathi kwepayipi lamanzi, udonga lwangaphakathi lwepayipi lubushelelezi futhi amanzi ageleza ngokukhululekile.Uma ivalvu evulekile ivalwa ngokuzumayo noma ipompo yokuphakela amanzi imiswa, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuzodala ingcindezi kuvalvu nodonga lwamapayipi, ikakhulukazi ivalvu noma iphampu.Ngenxa yokuthi udonga lwamapayipi lubushelelezi, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-inertia sokugeleza kwamanzi okulandelayo, amandla we-hydraulic ngokushesha afinyelela phezulu futhi akhiqize imiphumela elimazayo.Lona "umphumela wesando samanzi" kuma-hydraulics, okungukuthi, isando samanzi esihle.Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-valve evaliwe ivuliwe ngokuzumayo noma ipompo yamanzi iqalwa, isando samanzi sizokwenzeka, esibizwa ngokuthi isando samanzi esibi, kodwa asisikhulu njengakuqala.Umthelela wengcindezi uzobangela ukuthi udonga lwamapayipi lugcizelelwe futhi lukhiqize umsindo, njengesando esishaya ipayipi, ngakho-ke kubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wesando samanzi.

2/Izingozi

Ingcindezi esheshayo ekhiqizwa isando samanzi ingafinyelela izikhathi eziningi noma ngisho namakhulu engcindezi evamile yokusebenza epayipini.Ukushintshashintsha okunjalo kwengcindezi enkulu kungabangela ukundindizela okunamandla noma umsindo ohlelweni lwamapayipi futhi kungase kulimaze amalunga amavalvu.Kunomphumela olimaza kakhulu ohlelweni lwamapayipi.Ukuze uvimbele isando samanzi, isistimu yamapayipi idinga ukuklanywa ngendlela efanele ukuze kuvinjwe izinga lokugeleza lingabi phezulu kakhulu.Ngokuvamile, izinga lokugeleza eliklanyelwe ipayipi kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-3m / s, futhi isivinini sokuvula nokuvala i-valve sidinga ukulawulwa.
Ngenxa yokuthi iphampu iyaqalwa, iyamiswa, futhi amavalvu ayavulwa futhi avalwe ngokushesha okukhulu, ijubane lamanzi lishintsha kakhulu, ikakhulukazi isando samanzi esibangelwa ukuma kungazelelwe kwepompo, okungalimaza amapayipi, amaphampu amanzi, namavalve, futhi bangela ukuba iphampu yamanzi ihlehlise futhi inciphise ukucindezela kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi.Umphumela wesando samanzi ulimaza kakhulu: uma ukucindezela kuphezulu kakhulu, kuzokwenza ukuthi ipayipi liqhume.Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ingcindezi iphansi kakhulu, izokwenza ukuthi ipayipi iwele futhi ilimaze ama-valve nokulungiswa.Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi liyakhuphuka lisuka ku-zero liye kusilinganiso sokugeleza esilinganiselwe.Njengoba uketshezi lunamandla e-kinetic kanye nezinga elithile lokucindezelwa, izinguquko ezinkulu kuzinga lokugeleza esikhathini esifushane kakhulu zizodala imithelela ephezulu nephansi yengcindezi epayipini.

3/khiqiza

Kunezizathu eziningi zesando samanzi.Izici ezijwayelekile yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Ivalvu iyavuleka noma ivaleke kungazelelwe;

2. Iyunithi yepompo yamanzi ngokuzumayo iyama noma iqale;

3. Ipayipi elilodwa lihambisa amanzi endaweni ephakeme (umehluko wobude bendawo yokuphakelwa kwamanzi udlula amamitha angama-20);

4 .Ukuphakama okuphelele (noma ukucindezela kokusebenza) kwepompo yamanzi kukhulu;

5. Isivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini lamanzi sikhulu kakhulu;

6. Ipayipi lamanzi lide kakhulu futhi isimo sezwe siyashintsha kakhulu.
7. Ukwakhiwa ngendlela engafanele kuyingozi ecashile ezinhlelweni zamapayipi okuhambisa amanzi
(1) Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zokuphonsela usimende zama tee, izindololwane, izinciphisi namanye amalunga akuhlangabezani nezidingo.
Ngokuvumelana ne-“Technical Regulations for Buried Rigid Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Water Supply Pipeline Engineering”, izinsika zikasimende kufanele zifakwe emajoyintini afana namateyi, izindololwane, izinciphisi namanye amapayipi anobubanzi obungu-≥110mm ukuvimbela ipayipi ukuthi linganyakazi.“Izinsimbi zokuphonsela ukhonkolo” Akufanele zibe ngaphansi kwezinga le-C15, futhi kufanele ziphonswe esizeni esisekelweni sokuqala senhlabathi esimbiwe kanye nomthambeka womsele.”Amanye amaqembu okwakha awayinaki ngokwanele indima yama-thrust piers.Babethela isigxobo sokhuni noma bagence iprong yensimbi eduze kwepayipi ukuze basebenze njengesigxobo sokuphonsela.Ngezinye izikhathi umthamo we-pier usimende mncane kakhulu noma awuthelwa emhlabathini wokuqala.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye ama-thrust piers awaqinile ngokwanele.Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamapayipi, ama-thrust piers awakwazi ukusebenza futhi angabi namsebenzi, okubangela ukufakwa kwamapayipi okufana nama-tee nezindololwane ukuthi kungahambi kahle futhi kulinyazwe..
(2) I-valve yokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo ayifakiwe noma indawo yokufaka ayinangqondo.
Ngokomgomo wama-hydraulics, ama-valve okukhipha amandla okuzenzakalelayo kufanele aklanywe futhi afakwe ezindaweni eziphakeme zamapayipi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni noma emagqumeni anama-undula amakhulu.Ngisho nasezindaweni ezingenalutho ezinezimo ezincane ezigelezayo, amapayipi kufanele aklanywe ngokwenziwa lapho kumbiwa imisele.Kukhona ukukhuphuka nokwehla, ukukhuphuka noma ukuwa ngendlela yomjikelezo, umthambeko awukho ngaphansi kuka-1/500, futhi ama-valve okukhipha umoya angu-1-2 aklanywa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yekhilomitha ngalinye..
Ngoba phakathi nenqubo yokuthuthwa kwamanzi epayipini, igesi elisepayipini izophuma futhi inqwabelane ezingxenyeni eziphakanyisiwe zepayipi, ize yakhe nokuvinjwa komoya.Lapho izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini liguquguquka, amaphakethe omoya akhiwe ezingxenyeni eziphakanyisiwe azoqhubeka nokucindezelwa futhi anwetshwe, futhi igesi izoba Umfutho okhiqizwa ngemva kokucindezelwa uba mkhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi noma ngisho namakhulukhulu kunomfutho okhiqizwa ngemva kwalokho. amanzi acindezelwe (i-akhawunti yomphakathi: Pump Butler).Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sigaba sepayipi esinezingozi ezifihliwe singaholela kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:
• Ngemva kokuba amanzi edluliselwe phezulu kwepayipi, amanzi aconsayo ayanyamalala ezansi nomfula.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhwama somoya epayipini sivimba ukugeleza kwamanzi, okubangela ukuhlukana kwekholomu yamanzi..
• Igesi elicindezelwe epayipini licindezelwa kuze kufike umkhawulo omkhulu futhi liyakhula ngokushesha, okubangela ukugqashuka kwepayipi..
• Uma amanzi aphuma emthonjeni wamanzi aphezulu ethuthwa ezansi nomfula ngesivinini esithile ngokugeleza kwamandla adonsela phansi, ngemva kokuba ivalvu ekhuphuka nomfula ivaleka ngokushesha, ngenxa ye-inetia yomehluko wobude nezinga lokugeleza, ikholomu yamanzi epayipini elikhuphuka nomfula ayimi ngokushesha. .Isahamba ngesivinini esithile.Ijubane ligeleza liye phansi.Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa i-vacuum epayipini ngoba umoya awukwazi ukugcwaliswa ngesikhathi, okubangela ukuthi ipayipi lichithwe ukucindezela okungalungile futhi lonakaliswe.
(3) Umsele kanye nomhlabathi wokugcwalisa emuva awuhlangabezani nemithethonqubo.
Imisele engafanelekile ivame ukubonakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi kunamatshe amaningi ezindaweni ezithile.Imisele imbiwa ngesandla noma iqhunyiswe ngeziqhumane.Iphansi lomsele alilingani futhi linamatshe acijile aphumile.Lapho uhlangabezana nalokhu, Kulokhu, ngokwemithetho efanele, amatshe angaphansi komsele kufanele asuswe futhi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-15 esihlabathi kufanele agandaywe ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ipayipi.Nokho, izisebenzi zokwakha zazingenandaba noma zazinqamula amakhona futhi zazisibeka ngokuqondile isihlabathi ngaphandle kokugandaya isihlabathi noma ngokomfanekiso ukugandaya isihlabathi esithile.Ipayipi libekwe phezu kwamatshe.Lapho i-backfill isiqediwe futhi amanzi eqala ukusebenza, ngenxa yesisindo sepayipi ngokwalo, ukucindezela komhlaba okuqondile, umthwalo wemoto epayipini, kanye ne-superposition of gravity, isekelwa itshe elilodwa noma ambalwa acijile aphakanyisiwe. phansi kwepayipi., ukugxila ngokweqile kwengcindezi, ipayipi cishe lizolimala kuleli phuzu futhi liqhekeke ngomugqa oqondile kuleli phuzu.Yilokhu abantu abavame ukukubiza ngokuthi “umphumela wokulinganisa.”.

4/Izinyathelo

Kunezinyathelo eziningi zokuvikela isando samanzi, kodwa izinyathelo ezihlukene kufanele zithathwe ngokuya ngezimbangela ezingenzeka zesando samanzi.
1. Ukunciphisa izinga lokugeleza kwamapayipi amanzi kunganciphisa umfutho wesando samanzi ngokwezinga elithile, kodwa kuzokwandisa ububanzi bamapayipi amanzi futhi kwandise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi.Lapho kufakwa amapayipi amanzi, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukugwema ama-humps noma izinguquko ezinkulu emthambekeni ukuze kuncishiswe ubude bepayipi lamanzi.Uma ipayipi lide, likhulu inani lesando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa.Ukusuka esiteshini sokumpompa esisodwa kuya eziteshini zokumpompa ezimbili, umthombo wokudonsa amanzi usetshenziswa ukuxhuma iziteshi zokumpompa ezimbili.
Isando samanzi uma iphampu imiswa

Okubizwa ngokuthi isando samanzi se-pump-stop sibhekisela esimweni sokushaqeka kwe-hydraulic okubangelwa izinguquko ezisheshayo zejubane lokugeleza empompini yamanzi kanye namapayipi okucindezela lapho i-valve ivuliwe futhi imiswa ngenxa yokunqamuka kwamandla okungazelelwe noma ezinye izizathu.Isibonelo, ukwehluleka kwesistimu yamandla noma okokusebenza kukagesi, ukwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile kweyunithi yephampu yamanzi, njll. kungase kubangele iphampu ye-centrifugal ukuthi ivule ivalvu futhi ime, okuholela esando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa.Ubukhulu besando samanzi lapho ipompo imiswa ngokuyinhloko ihlobene nekhanda lejometri legumbi lepompo.Ukuphakama kwekhanda lejometri, likhulu inani lesando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa.Ngakho-ke, ikhanda lepompo elinengqondo kufanele likhethwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zangempela zendawo.

Ukucindezela okukhulu kwesando samanzi lapho iphampu kumiswa kungafinyelela ku-200% wengcindezi evamile yokusebenza, noma ngisho nangaphezulu, engacekela phansi amapayipi nemishini.Izingozi ezivamile zidala “ukuvuza kwamanzi” kanye nokunqamuka kwamanzi;izingozi ezimbi kakhulu zidala ukuthi igumbi lokumpompa ligcwale amanzi, kulimale izinto zokusebenza, nokulimala kwezinsiza.ukulimaza noma ukubangela ukulimala komuntu siqu noma ukufa.

Ngemva kokumisa iphampu ngenxa yengozi, linda kuze kube yilapho ipayipi ngemuva kwe-valve yokuhlola igcwele amanzi ngaphambi kokuqala iphampu.Ungavuli ngokugcwele i-valve yokuphuma kwepompo yamanzi lapho uqala iphampu, ngaphandle kwalokho umthelela omkhulu wamanzi uzokwenzeka.Izingozi ezinkulu zesando samanzi eziteshini zokumpompa amanzi zivame ukwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.

2. Setha idivayisi yokuqeda isando samanzi
(1) Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula amandla kagesi njalo
Isistimu yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo ye-PLC isetshenziselwa ukulawula iphampu ngesivinini esishintshashintshayo kanye nokulawula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusebenza kwalo lonke uhlelo lwegumbi lokuphakela amanzi.Njengoba ingcindezi yenethiwekhi yamapayipi okuhambisa amanzi iqhubeka nokushintsha nezinguquko ezimweni zokusebenza, ukucindezela okuphansi noma ukucindezela ngokweqile kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu, okungabangela kalula isando samanzi, okuholela ekulimaleni kwamapayipi nemishini.Isistimu yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo ye-PLC isetshenziselwa ukulawula inethiwekhi yamapayipi.Ukutholwa kokucindezela, ukulawulwa kwempendulo kokuqala nokuma kwepompo yamanzi nokulungiswa kwesivinini, ukulawula ukugeleza, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe ukucindezela ezingeni elithile.Ingcindezi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi yepompo ingasethwa ngokulawula i-microcomputer ukuze igcine ukunikezwa kwamanzi okucindezelwa njalo futhi igweme ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi ngokweqile.Amathuba esando samanzi ancishisiwe.
(2) Faka isinqamuli sesando samanzi
Lo mshini uvimbela kakhulu isando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa.Ivamise ukufakwa eduze kwepayipi lokuphuma lepompo lamanzi.Isebenzisa ukucindezela kwepayipi ngokwayo njengamandla okubona isenzo esizenzakalelayo sokucindezela okuphansi.Okusho ukuthi, lapho ingcindezi epayipini iphansi kunevelu yokuvikela ebekiwe, imbobo yokudonsa izovuleka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhipha amanzi.Ukunciphisa ingcindezi kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukucindezela kwamapayipi endawo nokuvimbela umthelela wesando samanzi ezintweni zokusebenza namapayipi.Izinqamuli ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: imishini kanye ne-hydraulic.Izinqamuli zemishini zibuyiselwa emuva mathupha ngemva kwesenzo, kuyilapho izinqamuli ezinama-hydraulic zingasethwa kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo.
(3) Faka ivalvu yokuhlola evala kancane epayipini lokuphuma lephampu yamanzi elinobubanzi obukhulu

Ingakwazi ukuqeda ngempumelelo isando samanzi lapho ipompo imiswa, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inani elithile lamanzi lizogeleza libuyele emuvaIsiqephu 609i-valve icushiwe, umthombo wokumunca amanzi kufanele ube nepayipi elichichimayo.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamavalvu okuhlola avala kancane: uhlobo lwesando kanye nohlobo lokugcina amandla.Lolu hlobo lwe-valve lungalungisa isikhathi sokuvala i-valve phakathi kwebanga elithile njengoba kudingeka (Siyakwamukela ukulandela: I-Pump Butler).Ngokuvamile, i-valve ivala u-70% kuya ku-80% phakathi kwemizuzwana emi-3 kuya kweyi-7 ngemva kokunqamuka kwamandla.Isikhathi sokuvala esingu-20% kuya ku-30% esisele silungiswa ngokuvumelana nezimo zepompo yamanzi kanye nepayipi, ngokuvamile ebangeni lamasekhondi angu-10 kuya kwangu-30.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma kukhona i-hump epayipini futhi kwenzeka isando samanzi, indima ye-valve yokuhlola yokuvala kancane ilinganiselwe kakhulu.
(4) Misa umbhoshongo olawula ukucindezela ohlangothini olulodwa
Yakhiwe eduze kwesiteshi sokumpompa noma endaweni efanele epayipini, futhi ukuphakama kombhoshongo wokuhlinza wendlela eyodwa kuphansi kunokucindezela kwepayipi lapho.Lapho ingcindezi epayipini iphansi kunezinga lamanzi embhoshongweni, umbhoshongo olawula ingcindezi ugcwalisa amanzi epayipini ukuze uvimbele ikholomu yamanzi ukuthi ingaphuli futhi ivale isando samanzi.Kodwa-ke, umphumela wawo wokunciphisa ukucindezela esando samanzi ngaphandle kwesando samanzi sokumisa iphampu, njengesando samanzi esivala i-valve, unomkhawulo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwe-valve yendlela eyodwa esetshenziswa embhoshongweni olawula ingcindezi yendlela eyodwa kumele kube okuthembekile ngokuphelele.Uma i-valve ihluleka, ingase ibangele isando samanzi esikhulu.
(5) Misa ipayipi lokudlula (ivalvu) esiteshini sokumpompa
Uma uhlelo lwepompo lusebenza ngokujwayelekile, i-valve yokuhlola ivaliwe ngoba ukucindezela kwamanzi ohlangothini lwe-pump kuphezulu kunokucindezela kwamanzi ohlangothini lokudonsa.Lapho ukuphela kwamandla ngengozi kumisa iphampu ngokuzumayo, ukucindezela endaweni yokuphuma kwesiteshi sepompo yamanzi kwehla kakhulu, kuyilapho ukucindezela ohlangothini lokumunca kukhuphuka kakhulu.Ngaphansi kwalokhu kucindezela okuhlukile, amanzi adlulayo anengcindezi ephezulu epayipini elikhulu elimunca amanzi aphusha ipuleti levalvu yokuhlola bese egelezela emanzini anomfutho ophansi wesikhashana epayipini elikhulu lamanzi anomfutho, okwenza umfutho wamanzi ophansi lapho ukhuphuke;ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphampu yamanzi Umfutho wesando samanzi ukhuphuka ohlangothini lokumunca nawo uyancipha.Ngale ndlela, ukukhuphuka kwesando samanzi kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi ezinhlangothini zombili zesiteshi sokupompa amanzi kulawulwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ngempumelelo futhi kuvinjwe izingozi zesando samanzi.
(6) Setha i-valve yokuhlola enezigaba eziningi
Epayipini lamanzi elide, engeza elilodwa noma ngaphezuluhlola ama-valve, hlukanisa ipayipi lamanzi libe izingxenye eziningana, futhi ufake i-valve yokuhlola engxenyeni ngayinye.Lapho amanzi epayipini lamanzi ebuyela emuva ngesikhathi sesando samanzi, i-valve yokuhlola ngayinye ivaliwe ngokulandelana ukuze kuhlukanise ukugeleza kwe-backflush zibe izingxenye eziningana.Njengoba ikhanda le-hydrostatic esigabeni ngasinye sepayipi lamanzi (noma isigaba sokugeleza kwe-backflush) lincane kakhulu, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi liyancishiswa.Ukuqinisa isando.Lesi silinganiso sokuzivikela singasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni lapho umehluko wokuphakama kwamanzi wejometri mkhulu;kodwa ayikwazi ukuqeda ithuba lokuhlukaniswa kwekholomu yamanzi.Ububi bayo obukhulu yilokhu: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhuphuka kwephampu yamanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile kanye nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi.