1/Umqondo

Isando samanzi sibizwa nangokuthi isando samanzi. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwamanzi (noma olunye uketshezi), ngenxa yokuvulwa noma ukuvalwa okungazelelwe kweI-Api Butterfly Valve, amavalvu esango, hlola ama-vavle kanyeamavalvu ebhola. ukumiswa okungazelelwe kwamaphampu amanzi, ukuvulwa nokuvalwa okungazelelwe kwama-guide vanes, njll., izinga lokugeleza liyashintsha ngokuzumayo futhi ingcindezi iyashintshashintsha kakhulu. Umphumela wesando samanzi yigama elicacile. Libhekisela esando samanzi esinzima esibangelwa umthelela wokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini lapho iphampu yamanzi iqalwa futhi imiswa. Ngoba ngaphakathi kwephayiphi lamanzi, udonga lwangaphakathi lwephayiphi lubushelelezi futhi amanzi ageleza ngokukhululeka. Lapho ivalvu evulekile ivalwa ngokuzumayo noma iphampu yokuhambisa amanzi imiswa, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuzokhiqiza ingcindezi kuvalvu nodonga lwephayiphi, ikakhulukazi ivalvu noma iphampu. Ngenxa yokuthi udonga lwephayiphi lubushelelezi, ngaphansi kwesenzo sokungapheleli kokugeleza kwamanzi okulandelayo, amandla e-hydraulic afinyelela ngokushesha esiphezulu futhi akhiqize imiphumela ebhubhisayo. Lona "umphumela wesando samanzi" kuma-hydraulic, okungukuthi, isando samanzi esihle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ivalvu evaliwe ivulwa ngokuzumayo noma iphampu yamanzi iqalwa, isando samanzi sizovela futhi, esibizwa ngokuthi isando samanzi esingesihle, kodwa asisikhulu njengesokuqala. Umthelela wokucindezela uzokwenza udonga lwepayipi lucindezeleke futhi luveze umsindo, njengesando esishaya ipayipi, ngakho-ke sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela wesando samanzi.

2/Izingozi

Ukucindezela okusheshayo okukhiqizwa yi-water hammer kungafinyelela izikhathi eziningi noma ngisho namakhulu kunokucindezela okuvamile kokusebenza epayipini. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu okunjalo kokucindezela kungabangela ukudlidliza noma umsindo omkhulu ohlelweni lwepayipi futhi kungalimaza amalunga e-valve. Kunomphumela olimazayo kakhulu ohlelweni lwepayipi. Ukuze kuvinjelwe i-water hammer, uhlelo lwepayipi ludinga ukwakhiwa ngendlela efanele ukuvimbela izinga lokugeleza ukuthi lingabi phezulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokugeleza eliklanywe kahle lepayipi kufanele libe ngaphansi kwama-3m/s, futhi isivinini sokuvula nokuvala i-valve sidinga ukulawulwa.
Ngenxa yokuthi ipompo iyaqalwa, imiswe, futhi amavalvu avulwa futhi avalwe ngokushesha okukhulu, ijubane lamanzi liyashintsha kakhulu, ikakhulukazi isando samanzi esibangelwa ukumiswa okungazelelwe kwepompo, okungalimaza amapayipi, amaphampu amanzi, namavalvu, futhi kubangele ukuthi ipompo yamanzi ibuyele emuva futhi inciphise ingcindezi yenethiwekhi yamapayipi. Umphumela wesando samanzi uyabhubhisa kakhulu: uma ingcindezi iphezulu kakhulu, izobangela ukuthi ipayipi liqhume. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ingcindezi iphansi kakhulu, izobangela ukuthi ipayipi liwe futhi lonakalise amavalvu kanye nokufakwa. Ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi liyanda kusukela ku-zero kuya esilinganisweni sokugeleza esilinganiselwe. Njengoba uketshezi lunamandla okuhamba kanye nezinga elithile lokucindezelwa, izinguquko ezinkulu esilinganisweni sokugeleza esikhathini esifushane kakhulu zizobangela imiphumela yokucindezela ephezulu nephansi epayipini.

3/khiqiza

Kunezizathu eziningi zokusebenzisa i-water hammer. Izici ezivamile yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Ivalvu ivuleka noma ivale ngokuzumayo;

2. Iyunithi yephampu yamanzi iyama noma iqala ngokuzumayo;

3. Ipayipi elilodwa lithutha amanzi liye endaweni ephakeme (umehluko wokuphakama kwendawo yokuphakelwa kwamanzi udlula amamitha angu-20);

4. Ingqikithi yokuphakamisa (noma ingcindezi yokusebenza) yephampu yamanzi inkulu;

5. Ijubane lokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini lamanzi likhulu kakhulu;

6. Ipayipi lamanzi lide kakhulu futhi indawo ishintsha kakhulu.
7. Ukwakhiwa okungajwayelekile kuyingozi efihliwe kumaphrojekthi okuhambisa amanzi
(1) Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsika ze-simende zokufaka izinsimbi, izindololwane, izinciphisi kanye nezinye izihlanganisi akuhlangabezani nezidingo.
Ngokusho kwe-“Technical Regulations for Buried Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Water Supply Pipeline Engineering”, izimbobo zokufaka usimende kufanele zifakwe ezindaweni ezifana nama-tee, ama-elbow, ama-reducer kanye namanye amapayipi anobubanzi obungu-≥110mm ukuvimbela ipayipi ukuthi linganyakazi. “Izimbobo zokufaka ukhonkolo” Akufanele zibe ngaphansi kwebanga le-C15, futhi kufanele zifakwe endaweni esisekelweni senhlabathi yokuqala egujwe kanye nothango lomsele.” Abanye abantu abakhayo abanaki ngokwanele indima yezimbobo zokufaka ukhonkolo. Babethela isigxobo sokhuni noma bagobe insimbi eduze kwepayipi ukuze basebenze njengembobo yokufaka ukhonkolo. Ngezinye izikhathi ivolumu yembobo yokhonkolo incane kakhulu noma ayithululwa enhlabathini yokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izimbobo zokufaka ukhonkolo azinamandla ngokwanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwepayipi, izimbobo zokufaka ukhonkolo azikwazi ukusebenza futhi zingabi namsebenzi, okubangela ukuthi ukufakwa kwamapayipi afana nama-tee nama-elbow kuphazamiseke futhi kulimazeke.
(2) I-valve yokukhipha umoya ezenzakalelayo ayifakiwe noma indawo yokufaka ayifanele.
Ngokomgomo wama-hydraulic, ama-valve okukhipha umoya azenzakalelayo kufanele aklanywe futhi afakwe ezindaweni eziphakeme zamapayipi ezindaweni zezintaba noma emagqumeni anezingqimba ezinkulu. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezingenalutho ezinezindawo ezincane ezigobhozayo, amapayipi kumele aklanywe ngokwenziwa lapho kumbiwa imisele. Kukhona ukwehla nokwenyuka, okukhuphukayo noma okuwa ngendlela ejikelezayo, umthambeka awungaphansi kuka-1/500, kanti ama-valve okukhipha umoya angu-1-2 aklanywe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yekhilomitha ngalinye.
Ngoba ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthuthwa kwamanzi epayipini, igesi epayipini izophuma futhi iqoqeke ezingxenyeni eziphakanyisiwe zepayipini, ize yakhe ukuvaleka komoya. Lapho izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini lishintshashintsha, amaphakethe omoya akhiwe ezingxenyeni eziphakanyisiwe azoqhubeka nokucindezelwa nokwandiswa, futhi igesi izobe icindezelwa kakhulu. Ingcindezi ekhiqizwa ngemva kokucindezelwa iphindwe kaningi noma amakhulu kunengcindezi ekhiqizwa ngemva kokucindezelwa kwamanzi (i-akhawunti yomphakathi: I-Pump Butler). Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sigaba sepayipi esinezingozi ezifihliwe singaholela ezimweni ezilandelayo:
• Ngemva kokuba amanzi edlulisiwe phezulu kwepayipi, amanzi aconsayo ayanyamalala phansi komfula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhwama somoya esisepayipini sivimba ukugeleza kwamanzi, okubangela ukuhlukana kwekholomu yamanzi.
• Igesi ecindezelwe epayipini icindezelwa kuze kube sezingeni eliphezulu futhi ikhula ngokushesha, okwenza ipayipi liqhume.
• Uma amanzi avela emthonjeni wamanzi aphezulu ethuthwa phansi ngomfula ngesivinini esithile ngokugeleza kwamandla adonsela phansi, ngemva kokuba ivalvu ephezulu ivaliwe ngokushesha, ngenxa yokungafani kokuphakama kanye nesivinini sokugeleza, ikholomu yamanzi epayipini eliphezulu ayimi ngokushesha. Isahamba ngesivinini esithile. Isivinini sigeleza phansi ngomfula. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakheka i-vacuum epayipini ngoba umoya awukwazi ukugcwaliswa ngesikhathi, okwenza ipayipi linciphe ngenxa yokucindezela okungekuhle futhi lonakale.
(3) Umsele kanye nomhlabathi ogcwalisa amanzi akuhlangabezani nemithethonqubo.
Imisele engafaneleki ivame ukubonwa ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ikakhulukazi ngoba kunamatshe amaningi ezindaweni ezithile. Imisele imbiwa ngesandla noma iqhunyiswe ngeziqhumane. Iphansi lomsele alilingani kakhulu futhi linamatshe abukhali aphumayo. Uma uhlangabezana nalokhu, kulokhu, ngokwemithetho efanele, amatshe angaphansi komsele kufanele asuswe futhi kufanele kugandaywe isihlabathi esingaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-15 ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ipayipi. Kodwa-ke, izisebenzi zokwakha azizange zinakekele noma zasika amakhona futhi zabeka isihlabathi ngqo ngaphandle kokugaya isihlabathi noma ukugaya isihlabathi ngokomfanekiso. Ipayipi libekwa ematsheni. Lapho ukugcwalisa emuva sekuqediwe futhi amanzi eqala ukusebenza, ngenxa yesisindo sepayipi ngokwalo, ingcindezi yomhlaba eqondile, umthwalo wemoto epayipini, kanye nokubekwa kwamandla adonsela phansi, kusekelwa itshe elilodwa noma amaningi abukhali aphakanyisiwe phansi kwepayipi. , ukugxila ngokweqile kokucindezeleka, ipayipi kungenzeka ukuthi lonakale kuleli phuzu futhi liqhekeke emgqeni oqondile kuleli phuzu. Yilokhu abantu abavame ukukubiza ngokuthi "umphumela wokulinganisa."

4/Izinyathelo

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuvikela isando samanzi, kodwa izinyathelo ezahlukene zidinga ukuthathwa ngokuya ngezimbangela ezingaba khona zesando samanzi.
1. Ukunciphisa izinga lokugeleza kwamapayipi amanzi kunganciphisa ukucindezela kwesando samanzi ngezinga elithile, kodwa kuzokwandisa ububanzi bamapayipi amanzi futhi kwandise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi. Lapho kubekwa amapayipi amanzi, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukugwema ama-hump noma izinguquko ezinkulu emthambekeni ukuze kuncishiswe ubude bepayipi lamanzi. Uma ipayipi lide, kulapho inani lesando samanzi liba likhulu khona lapho ipompo imiswa. Kusukela esiteshini esisodwa sokupompa kuya eziteshini ezimbili zokupompa, kusetshenziswa umthombo wokufunxa amanzi ukuxhuma iziteshi ezimbili zokupompa.
Isando samanzi uma ipompo ivaliwe

I-hammer yamanzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-pump-stop ibhekisela ku-hydraulic shock eyenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha okusheshayo kwejubane lokugeleza empompini yamanzi kanye namapayipi okucindezela lapho i-valve ivulwa futhi imiswa ngenxa yokuphela kukagesi okungazelelwe noma ezinye izizathu. Isibonelo, ukwehluleka kohlelo lwamandla noma imishini kagesi, ukwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile kweyunithi yephampu yamanzi, njll. kungabangela ukuthi iphampu ye-centrifugal ivule i-valve futhi ime, okuholela ekusandeni kwamanzi lapho iphampu imiswa. Ubukhulu besando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa buhlobene kakhulu nekhanda le-geometric legumbi lephampu. Uma ikhanda le-geometric liphakeme, kulapho inani lesando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa liba likhulu. Ngakho-ke, ikhanda lephampu elifanele kufanele likhethwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zangempela zendawo.

Umfutho ophezulu wesando samanzi lapho iphampu imiswa ungafinyelela ku-200% womfutho ojwayelekile wokusebenza, noma ngaphezulu nakakhulu, okungabhubhisa amapayipi nemishini. Izingozi ezivamile zibangela “ukuvuza kwamanzi” kanye nokuphela kwamanzi; izingozi ezinkulu zibangela ukuthi igumbi lephampu ligcwale amanzi, imishini yonakale, kanye nezindawo zonakaliswe. umonakalo noma ngisho nokubangela ukulimala komuntu noma ukufa.

Ngemva kokumisa ipompo ngenxa yengozi, linda kuze kube yilapho ipayipi elingemuva kwevalvu yokuhlola ligcwele amanzi ngaphambi kokuqala ipompo. Ungalivuli ngokuphelele ivalvu yokuphuma kwepompo yamanzi lapho uqala ipompo, kungenjalo kuzoba nomphumela omkhulu wamanzi. Izingozi ezinkulu zesando samanzi eziteshini eziningi zokupompa zivame ukwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.

2. Setha idivayisi yokususa isando samanzi
(1) Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula i-voltage engaguquki
Uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lwe-PLC lusetshenziselwa ukulawula iphampu ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo semvamisa kanye nokulawula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusebenza kohlelo lonke lwephampu yamanzi. Njengoba ingcindezi yenethiwekhi yamaphayiphi okuphakelwa kwamanzi iqhubeka nokushintsha kanye nokushintsha kwezimo zokusebenza, ingcindezi ephansi noma ukucindezela ngokweqile kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu, okungabangela kalula isando samanzi, okuholela ekulimaleni kwamaphayiphi kanye nemishini. Uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lwe-PLC lusetshenziselwa ukulawula inethiwekhi yamaphayiphi. Ukutholwa kwengcindezi, ukulawula impendulo yokuqala nokuma kwephampu yamanzi kanye nokulungiswa kwesivinini, ukulawula ukugeleza, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe ingcindezi ezingeni elithile. Ingcindezi yokunikezwa kwamanzi yephampu ingasethwa ngokulawula i-microcomputer ukuze kugcinwe ukunikezwa kwamanzi okucindezela njalo futhi kugwenywe ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi ngokweqile. Amathuba esando samanzi ayancipha.
(2) Faka isiqedi sesando samanzi
Le divayisi ivimbela kakhulu isando samanzi uma ipompo imisiwe. Ngokuvamile ifakwa eduze kwepayipi lokukhipha amanzi lepompo yamanzi. Isebenzisa ingcindezi yepayipi ngokwayo njengamandla okwenza isenzo esizenzakalelayo esinomfutho ophansi. Okusho ukuthi, lapho ingcindezi epayipini iphansi kunenani lokuvikela elibekiwe, imbobo yokukhipha amanzi izovuleka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kukhishwe amanzi. Ukukhululeka kwengcindezi kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisela ingcindezi yamapayipi endawo nokuvimbela umthelela wesando samanzi emishinini nasemapayipini. Ama-eliminator ngokuvamile angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: oomatshini kanye no-hydraulic. Ama-eliminator emishini avuselelwa ngesandla ngemva kwesenzo, kanti ama-eliminator e-hydraulic angasethwa kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo.
(3) Faka ivalvu yokuhlola evala kancane epayipini lokukhipha amanzi elinobubanzi obukhulu

Kungasusa ngempumelelo isando samanzi lapho ipompo imisiwe, kodwa ngoba inani elithile lamanzi lizobuyela emuva laphoI-Api 609Uma ivalvu isebenza, umthombo wokudonsa amanzi kumele ube nepayipi lokugcwala. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamavalvu okuhlola okuvala kancane: uhlobo lwesando kanye nohlobo lokugcina amandla. Lolu hlobo lwevalvu lungalungisa isikhathi sokuvala ivalvu ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile njengoba kudingeka (wamukelekile okulandelayo: I-Pump Butler). Ngokuvamile, ivalvu ivala ngo-70% kuya ku-80% phakathi kwemizuzwana emi-3 kuya kwengu-7 ngemva kokuphela kukagesi. Isikhathi esisele sokuvala esingu-20% kuya ku-30% silungiswa ngokwezimo zephampu yamanzi kanye nephayiphi, ngokuvamile phakathi kwemizuzwana eyi-10 kuya kwengu-30. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uma kukhona i-hump ephayiphini futhi kwenzeka isando samanzi, indima yevalvu yokuhlola okuvala kancane ilinganiselwe kakhulu.
(4) Setha umbhoshongo olawula ukucindezela ohamba ngakwesokudla
Yakhiwe eduze kwesiteshi sokupompa noma endaweni efanele epayipini, futhi ukuphakama kombhoshongo wokudonsa ohamba ngendlela eyodwa kuphansi kunomfutho wepayipi lapho. Lapho ingcindezi epayipini iphansi kunezinga lamanzi embhoshongweni, umbhoshongo olawula ingcindezi ugcwalisa amanzi epayipini ukuze uvimbele ikholomu yamanzi ukuthi ingaphuki futhi ivale isando samanzi. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wayo wokunciphisa ingcindezi eshandweni samanzi ngaphandle kwesando samanzi esimisa ipompo, njengesando samanzi esivala amavalvu, ulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwevalvu yendlela eyodwa esetshenziswa embhoshongweni olawula ingcindezi yendlela eyodwa kumele kube okuthembekile ngokuphelele. Uma ivalvu ihluleka, ingabangela isando samanzi esikhulu.
(5) Setha ipayipi elidlulayo (i-valve) esiteshini sokupompa
Uma uhlelo lwephampu lusebenza kahle, ivalvu yokuhlola ivaliwe ngoba ingcindezi yamanzi ohlangothini lwengcindezi yephampu iphakeme kunengcindezi yamanzi ohlangothini lokumunca. Lapho ukucima kukagesi ngengozi kumisa iphampu ngokuzumayo, ingcindezi endaweni yokuphuma yesiteshi sokumunca amanzi yehla kakhulu, kuyilapho ingcindezi ohlangothini lokumunca ikhuphuka kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalolu cindezelo oluhlukile, amanzi acindezelwe kakhulu epayipini eliyinhloko lokumunca amanzi asunduza ipuleti levalvu yokuhlola bese egeleza emanzini acindezelwe kancane epayipini eliyinhloko lamanzi acindezelwe, okwenza ingcindezi yamanzi aphansi lapho ikhuphuke; ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphampu yamanzi Ukunyuka kwengcindezi yesando samanzi ohlangothini lokumunca nakho kuncishisiwe. Ngale ndlela, ukunyuka kwesando samanzi kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zesiteshi sokumunca amanzi kulawulwa, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa futhi kuvimbele ngempumelelo izingozi zesando samanzi.
(6) Setha ivalvu yokuhlola enezigaba eziningi
Epayipini lamanzi elide, engeza elilodwa noma ngaphezuluama-valve okuhlola, hlukanisa ipayipi lamanzi libe yizingxenye eziningana, bese ufaka ivalvu yokuhlola engxenyeni ngayinye. Lapho amanzi epayipini lamanzi ebuyela emuva ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa i-hammer yamanzi, ivalvu ngayinye yokuhlola ivalwa ngokulandelana ukuze ihlukanise ukugeleza kwe-backflush kube yizingxenye eziningana. Njengoba ikhanda le-hydrostatic engxenyeni ngayinye yepayipi lamanzi (noma ingxenye yokugeleza kwe-backflush) lincane kakhulu, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi liyancishiswa. I-Hammer boost. Lesi silinganiso sokuvikela singasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezimweni lapho umehluko wokuphakama kwamanzi wejometri mkhulu khona; kodwa asikwazi ukuqeda ithuba lokuhlukaniswa kwekholomu yamanzi. Inkinga yaso enkulu yile: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwandisiwe kwepompo lamanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile kanye nezindleko zokunikezwa kwamanzi ezandisiwe.